Dharan Water Supply System - Alarming Issues and Future

This study examines the critical issue of water scarcity in Dharan Sub-metropolitan city, analyzing various factors that are driving demand and proposing strategies ensuring security. finds replace with rapid expansion residential areas, increasing population, steeper slopes, changing lifestyles, natural hazards, technical management leakage major contributors to growing shortages area, leading a situation instability. However, also identifies factor such as precipitation, geology, soil types, potential sources area offer opportunities for stabilizing supply Sub-metropolitan. highlights combined effect these active led an increase per capita from 71 100 lpcd. shrinking surface Interrupted Water pumping overexploitation. Additionally, indicates due high level Non-Revenue (NRW) up-to 40%, certain parts city’s residents facing difficulties accessing clean drinking water. The positive changes supportive types geology city increases recharge harvesting. In order achieve sustainable climate-resilient supply, recommends implementing tools likewise protective measures zones, stream banks gullies source improvement, artificial through Climate Adaptive Recharge Pits (CARP) slope interception methods, well community-based harvesting groundwater improvement. Furthermore, suggests establishing R&D unit involving national local experts stakeholders better planning management.